Evaluation of Hydrogeochemical Processes in Groundwater Using Geochemical and Geostatistical Approaches in the Upper Bengal Basin

Overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation and radical changes river morphology in the Bengal basin has posed difficulties to sustainable management this resource. Forty samples were collected from tube wells pre-monsoon postmonsoon seasons 2020, water parameters analyzed. The hydrogeochemical studies, bivariate plots, multivariate techniques used evaluate rock-water interactions, influencing factors, contamination pathways. principal component analysis (PCA) was extract several directions data space understand different geochemical processes. Q-mode hierarchical cluster coupled with post hoc ANOVA test variance also divide sampling sites based on facies. PHREEQC-3v software measure partial pressure CO2 elucidate chemical reactions controlling chemistry. Near-neutral pH (7.4) high EC (813.2 μS/cm), TDS (507.35 mg/L), total hardness (383.45 mg/L) characterize groundwaters study area. research revealed that order abundance cations Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+>K+ anions HCO3−>>Cl->SO42−>NO3->PO43-. PCA properties are derived interactions. Hierarchical showed two distinct zones affected by neighboring flow return flow. Several diagrams suggested mainly Ca-HCO3 type originating weathering rock-forming minerals advanced water-rock interaction. analyzed supersaturated calcite partially saturated dolomite. As a result, features area largely dependent interaction, local lithological conditions, morphology. This can be helpful improvement resource management, especially drinking purposes.